阅读是一门艺术。
什么称之为艺术呢?当然要有独具慧眼的人才能看的懂艺术、读懂艺术、体会艺术里的真谛。能看懂阅读这门艺术的同学,当然不能忽视艺术中的细节,往往细节体现真谛,《蒙娜丽莎》是不是独特于她嘴角的那一抹微笑?
中国考生的雅思阅读一直处在四项考试中领先的位置,也就是说阅读一直是中国考生比较有优势的一项,同比听力、口语、写作,阅读考查的是同学们动手的能力,眼疾手快是做阅读的最高境界,在短短一个小时内要完成三篇英文原版的文章,对普通的高中生或者是大学生都是有一定的困难。那么把握出题思路,熟悉阅读题型,掌握做题技巧就成为最为关键的制胜法宝。
同样道理,雅思阅读中,细节是做题的关键,通常是考点潜伏的地方。那么是不是就没有迹象可寻了呢?当然不是,阅读任何的一篇雅思文章,其实就像是在开启一个宝藏,总是会有机关重重,陷阱不断,但是题目中总会暗含着一个藏宝图,有许多的玄机,待你一一开启考点的宝藏。
我们这里所说的玄机,就是无所不在的信号词!
信号词就好比是高速公路上的标识牌,见到了它们,你就知道目的地距离自己的位置还有多远的距离,需要直走,还是拐弯。从而采取精读或是跳读扫读等不一样的方法和阅题技巧。下面我们就分析一下雅思阅读中信号词对考点指示的微妙作用。
在介绍信号词之前,我们先对它们进行一下分类,信号词能分为几类呢?把剑桥3-7阅读出现的与考点相关的信号词分为两大类:一个是传统的信号词;另一个就是非传统的信号词。为什么要这样分呢?传统的信号词有是我们平时在学校课堂上、写作课上,老师都强调的几大类,表顺接和递进,表对比和转折,表相似,表时间先后关系,表排列次序,表因果关系,表举例和说明关系。而非传统的信号词则是我们在平时阅读中常常忽视的细节,但是根据剑桥的出题思路和模式,我发现还有一类的信号词是常常和考点有密切的联系。
首先我们来看一看在剑桥3-7中,传统的信号词与考点的联系。(注:C-剑桥,P-页码, T-题目)
(一)传统信号词
一、 顺接和递进
例词:also, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition
考点:And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom(C6, P28, T31找标题)
解析:And 在这句话开头,有一定的递进含义, this wisdom则是指代了前面一句话出现的their wealth of traditional knowledge(因纽特人传统的知识),所以这两句话有紧密的联系,同学们在读题的时候要通过发现信号词,然后发散地看它的前后句,最后把考点考察的意思补充完整。
二、 对比和转折
例词:however, but, although, nevertheless, on the other hand, by comparison
考点:However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.
题目中出现了conclude的字眼,总结段落一般是在文章的最后,然而带有转折信号词however 这句话,显然就是文章的考点所在。
三、 相似
例词:similarly, in other words, that is, put another way
考点:In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were limits to growth.
解析:In other words 是解释,换一种说法,通常会以更加简单易懂,清晰的话语陈述出难点,常常难点是考点出没的地方。
四、 时间先后
例词:firstly, second, next, then, now, later, since, eventually, finally
考点:Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in BritainThird, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something.
解析:段落结构很清楚,主要是因为有表达顺序的信号词First、second、third,让我们认识这段是在讲,侍强凌弱这种现象已经开始改变,主要是从三个方面入手:意识、资源、监督。这种发展让学校有了更多的方法和有效途径解决存在的问题。这里的First、second、third提示我们三个方面,同时也是一个发展的过程。
五、 排列次序
例词:another, the second, the most, the best
考点:Most important of all, the traditional measures of risk, such as parents age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development.
解析:most important of all 强调了最重要的事情,也就是文中比较重要的结论要出炉了。Single parents是题目中的关键词,同样在这一句里出现了,我们可以利用对信号词的敏感度,快速抓住文章的考点,进行局部精读。
六、强调作用
例词:in fact, in essence, in particular, emphasize
考点:This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology- to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates
解析:信息包含题考察细节是在那个段落出现,在做此类题目时,要注意信号词与考点的密切相关性,从而迅速找准答案。这里出现了in essence , 起了一定的强调作用,迅速扫读后,发现同时出现了题目关键词sociobiology, 破折号后面的介词to是表目的与题目中的the general aim of一致对应。
七、 因果关系
例词:as, because, since, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, the caused of
考点:The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils identified that it is human activities, which are destroying rainforests
解析:这道简答题的文本题就是问the reason for the loss of rainforests, 所以我们可以同通过原因信号词,判断考点的方位。
八、 举例子和说明
例词:for example, for instance, that is to say, i.e., such as, including
考点: Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton
解析:我们看到such as后面是举例子,such as 后面的例子可以作为定位词,woodflour, asbestos, cotton就是fillers的其中一种。Fillers 在这里就是一个概括性的词语,常常是考点。
(二)非传统信号词
一、表达客观结论findings
例词:indicate that, suggest that, find out, conclude that, point out, report that, demonstrate that
考点:But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood.
解析:配对题目是典型的人名和成果的配对,我们到文章中定位人名就比较好找到答案,可是人名出现的地方就一定是考点么?不见得。但是一旦表达客观结论的信号词与人名同时出现时,就是考点出没的地方了。
二、表达主观观点statements, opinions
例词:say, believe, argue that, maintain that, claim
考点:The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places.
解析:这道分类题考察区分a finding和an opinion。表达个人观点带有一定的主观性,所用的信号词显然与客观事实发现的有所区别。
三、特殊符号
例词: word, , word
考点:In very significant cases of role change, e.g. from a soldier in the ranks to officer, from bachelor to married man, the change of role has to have a very obvious sign, hence rituals.
解析:文中斜体的部分其实就是考察的考点,不知道这个词语的意思没有关系,只要能判断,需要填写的单词是斜体部分,照抄过来就可以轻松拿分。
通过我们上面陈列的两大类信号词:传统的与非传统的,我相信可以给备战的烤鸭们一点宝贵的做题技巧,信号词与考点是一对好朋友,所以常常信号词出现的地方,考点都会在它的附近埋伏着,要留心哦!同时,要掌握每一类信号词对文章段落的结构起的作用和意义,这样有利于我们对段落主旨、上下句关系快速的判断,帮助解题。
另外,烤鸭们要通过对剑桥真题的反复操练,琢磨考点,感悟做题方法,才能得取真经啊!
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