In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everthing seems to be in a state of turmoil.
此句中,以信号词 however 为线索,可以看出作者把现在的事情与过去进行对比。过去是in an orderly way 而现在是 in a state of turmoil,过去是秩序井然,现在则是相反,那就是一片混乱。
(4),以列举的句子为线索猜测词义
为了阐明某一种重要观念或讲清某一抽象概念,作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明何解释,从而使读者理解得更具体。那么文中的例子自然也就成了读者理解文章生词的线索。表示列举关系的信号词有 like, for example, for instance, such as, especially, indluce, consist of, specially 等。
Defined most broadly, folklore includes all the customs, belief and tradition that people have handed down from generation to generation.
此句中,includes 后面的例子基本上表示出了 folklore的内容范围,即人们一代传一代的那些风俗习惯、信仰何传统的东西。这些东西都属于通常所说的名俗学,民俗传统的东西。这也就是folklore一词的基本含义。
(5)以重述为线索猜测词义
有时作者在阐述某个概念或某一事情时,为了把它讲述得更清楚,他可能采取另一种方式重述一下前面的内容。这种重述往往比前面表达更为简单易懂的词语。后面这种简单易懂的词语无疑为前面较难的词语提供了猜测的线索。因此,读者在阅读的过程中如遇到生词时,不要停下来,不妨看一下该生词后面是否有另一种阐述或解释。表达重述,作者也经常使用一些信号词,这些信号词有 in other words, that is to say, or that is, i.e. to be precise 等。 Before the main business of a conference begins the chairman usually makes a short preliminary (i.e introductory) speech, or make a few preliminary remarks. In orther words, he says a few things by way of introduction.
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