Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldnt find his way through the jungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)
Asked to stay, I couldnt very well refuse.
这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。
下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同,所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如:
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。
He used to live in London, use(d)nt he /didnt he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)nt there /didnt there?
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
He ought to be punished, oughtnt he?
但在正式文体中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作想必解时,疑问部分不可用mustnt。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用arent(isnt)十主语,例如:You must be tired,arent you?若陈述部分的must表示有必要时,附加疑问句部分则用neednt。例如:You must go home right now, neednt you?
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