过去分词短语，由过去分词带头，出现的位置和现在分词相同，如：

　　⑩ Taken completely by surprise, the enemy gave in.

　　● Peter, frightened out of his wits, stood rooted to the spot.

　　● We were sorry to see the dog chained to the tree all day long.

　　现在分词短语和过去分词短语形式不同，性质也异。前者主动，后者被动。

　　上述三种形容词短语出现率很高，不可等闲视之 .

　　最后一种出现率高的名词修饰语，是众所周知的形容词从句。形容词从句由关系代词（the relative pronoun）who, which, that, whose等或关系副词（the relative adverb）where, when, why等引导而出现在被修饰的名词后头；这样的名词叫先行词（the antecedent）。例如：

　　● Dr Yang is a renowned scientist who specialises in physics.

　　● The book which deals with translation is Jasons masterpiece.

　　● Have you read the report on education that came out yesterday?

　　● David is the new director whose most urgent job is to reorganise the department.

　　● The writer whom you praised in your review felt greatly grateful for your admiration.

　　● This is the university where I studied 30 years ago.

　　● Gone are the days when people could live happily without the stresses and strains of a busy life.

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