In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics. He was cited by the prize committee or your photoelectric law and your work in the field of theoretical physics.? There was no mention of his still-controversial work with relativity, which would become his most enduring legacy. From the 1920s on, Einstein worked to unify concepts of gravity and electromagnetism into a rand unified theory of physics,?or a single mathematical formula to relate the universal properties of matter and energy quest that would remain unfulfilled.

　　Meanwhile, Einstein legendary pacifism only strengthened during the years before World War II. He was exceedingly distressed by the failure of the 1932 World Disarmament Conference in Geneva, and later began a famous correspondence with Sigmund Freud about man inherent love of war. In 1933, just after Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, Einstein renounced German citizenship and emigrated to America, where he was offered a full-time position at the newly-founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

　　Early on, Einstein recognized the serious threat to world security posed by Hitler and Nazism. Despite his history of pacifism, he publicly urged European nations to ready themselves for defense. Realizing the implications of a possible Axis victory, he urged President Franklin D. Roosevelt to step up nuclear fission research in the U.S. Though he played no direct part in the development of the atomic bomb and was publicly horrified by its use in Japan in 1945 and its implications for the future of war, his name and research were inextricably linked to the dawning of the age of atomic power.

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