Shifting The Burden Of Proof
It is incumbent on the writer to provide evidence or support for her position. To imply that a position is true merely because no one has disproved it is to shift the burden of proof to others.
Example:
Since no one has been able to prove Gods existence, there must not be a God
There are two major weaknesses in this argument. First, the fact that Gods existence has yet to be proven does not preclude any future proof of existence. Second, if there is a God, one would expect that his existence is independent of any proof by man.
Unwarranted Assumptions
The fallacy of unwarranted assumption is committed when the conclusion of an argument is based on a premise that is false or unwarranted. An assumption is unwarranted when it is false――these premises are usually suppressed or vaguely written. An assumption is also unwarranted when it is true but does not apply in the given context――these premises are usually explicit.
Example:
Either restrictions must be placed on freedom of speech or certain subversive elements in society will use it to destroy this country. Since to allow the latter to occur is unconscionable, we must restrict freedom of speech.
The conclusion above is unsound because subversives do not in fact want to destroy the country the author places too much importance on the freedom of speech the author fails to consider an accommodation between the two alternatives the meaning of freedom of speech has not been defined subversives are a true threat to our way of life
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