The process began with the ousting of the landlords. Feudal estates were broken up anddivided among small farmers, who also received cheap credit and valuable advice.Smallholder farming requires grotesque amounts of labour, Mr Studwell concedes. But thatis a good thing, because countries as poor as Taiwan or South Korea were in the 1950s havelabourand only labourin abundance.
这些经济体的崛起是以地主退出历史舞台为起点的。封建式的私有地产被没收并分配给了小农户,同时他们还获得了低息贷款和宝贵的经验。Studwell 承认,小农型耕作需要令人无法想象的大量劳动力。但这不失为一件好事:因为在二十世纪五十年代,像台湾或是韩国这样贫穷的地区拥有大批劳动力除此之外也没有别的了。
Tightly planted, closely tended farms coax the best yields out of each parcel of land. Thisrural bounty then creates room for the next step: export-led manufacturing. The state, MrStudwell argues, must nurse manufacturers through their infancy, helping them to learn howto stand on their own feet. This nurture should, however, be combined with discipline: thestate must oblige firms to export. Foreign sales provide an external test of their progress,allowing the state to cull losers, even if it cannot pick winners.
在这些地区,农场上种满了密密麻麻的作物,又受到了仔细的照料,每一块地都有很不错的产量。而后,这种农业上的富庶为亚洲繁荣的下一步创造了空间。Studwell 认为,国家必须在制造业者尚且处于婴幼儿期时为它们提供充分的呵护,让它们学会如何去依靠自身力量实现发展。然而,在呵护的同时还需要进行约束:国家必须强制要求这些公司进行出口。对外销量为制造业者的发展提供了一种外在的衡量尺度,让国家得以淘汰弱者即便是在无法挑选出强者的情况下。
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