一些细菌已经进化到可以将渗入它们细胞壁的药物排出去,
other, Gram-negativebugs have an impenetrable outer membrane.
而其它革兰氏阴性的细菌都有着药物透不过的细胞外膜。
Second, clinical trials are arduous.
二是因为临床试验困难重重。
Firms struggle to recruit enough patients with rare bacterial infections.
公司招不到足够的被罕见细菌感染的病人。
Third, commercial prospects are grim.
三是因为抗生素的商业前景暗淡。
Patients take cholesterol drugs for life, but they usually take antibiotics for less than twoweeks.
胆固醇药物需终身服用,而抗生素的服药期往往不到两周。
It is no wonder that Big Pharma has directed its attention elsewhere.
所以,大型制药公司将焦点转移到其他领域也就不足为奇了。
AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline are now the only big drugmakers with substantialantibiotics programmes.
制药界巨头中现在只有阿斯利康和葛兰素史克保留有耗资巨大的抗生素研发项目。
Between 1983 and 1992 American regulators approved 30 new antibiotics.
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