在过去的500年,为便于强取豪夺最安全、最健康、最好的地区,欧洲白人殖民者往往动用经济和军事力量来建造或改建当地城市的风貌。甚至现在,某些地区的人们觉得殖民统治是一段遥远的记忆。但是,如果要完全明白很多城市的环境,我们就不得不追溯至这些城市被创立的时期。满脑子只想着采购商品、开拓市场的欧洲人将这些城市隔离为巩固飞地。加尔各答,由不列颠东印度公司1690年创立,目的在于挑战当地穆斯林霸主。随后,加尔各答开始与伦敦竞争大英帝国的最大大都会的头衔。
Both colonialism itself and the divided cities it spawned reached their zenith on the eve of thefirst world war. As Europeans migrated in large numbers to far-flung corners of theirexpanding empires, the need to keep them comfortable, both physically andpsychologically, meant that other groups were treated with ever greater ruthlessness. MrNightingale shows how the roots of apartheid in South Africa, for example, are to be foundmuch earlier than the 1948 election victory of the National Party; they lie in the colonialproject which led to the creation of Johannesburg half a century earlier with white and non-white areas. This was made much more explicit after 1948and this shocked a world whereracial ideologies and colonialism were being challenged and dismantled. But segregationistzeal did not flare in a vacuum; it built on an existing system of allocating space whichreflected the needs of an imperial elite.
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