1)在开头出现;

　　2)在结尾出现;

　　3)在开头和结尾同时出现，首尾呼应;

　　4)有些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。

　　(三)实战演练

　　13 Believe it or not, optical illusion can cut highway crashes. Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent strips, called cheverons , painted on the roads make drivers think that they are faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.

　　Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C. is planning to repeat Japans success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint cheverons and other patterns of strips on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.

　　Excessive speed plays a major role in as much a one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will carry its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges.

　　Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal barspainted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.

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