历年英语四级的考试阅读理解部分4_大学英语阅读

历年英语四级的考试阅读理解部分4

　　24.The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _____.

　　is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital

　　has to arrange the work shifts of the units nurses

　　can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient

　　has full responsibility in the administration of the units nurses

　　25.The authors attitude towards the nurse system at Beth Israel Hospital is _____.

　　negative neutral

　　critical positive

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

　　For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological drives as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

　　It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

　　Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to reward the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where on milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement switched on. A display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.