No culture is wholly isolated, self­contained and unique. There are important resemblances that originate in part from diffusion (the spread of social institutions from one society to another) and in part from the fact that all cultures are built around biological, psychological and social characteristics common to all mankind. Lyons refers to such common biological and cultural features as biological and cultural universals. That is why there is a greater or less degree of cultural overlap (重叠) between any two societies and why people from different cultures have the possibility to communicate with each other. Cultural similarities and differences are central to the

　　study of communication between members of different cultural groups because they affect all intercultural and cross­cultural communication.

　　It has been clear that language is a part of culture and influenced by culture. If languages are shaped in part by the ideas processing capacities and social factors all people have in common, they should have certain feature in common — linguistic universals. But to the extent that language is shaped by accidental properties of thought, technology and culture, features will also differ from language to language. For example, the ancients lacked dissection (解剖) and medicine knowledge and mistook “heart” as the control center of human thoughts and emotions, which is unavoidably reflected in languages, such as in Chinese and English: 伤心欲绝— heartbreaking, 铭记在心— to learn by heart, and so on. Other shared expressions in both Chinese and English like: Walls have ears.隔墙有耳；Spend money like water. 花钱如流水；Castle in the air.空中楼阁， etc.

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