at Brigham Young University in Utah.

　　They did not find much long-term "organizational learning" from success. It is possible, they

　　say But Professor Desasays they found that knowledge gained from failure lasts for years.

　　He says organizations should treat failures as a learning opportunity and not try to ignore

　　them．

　　The study looked at companies and organizations that launch satellites一and other space

　　vehicles. Professor Desai compared two shuttle flights．

　　In two thousand two, a piece of insulating（隔热的）material broke of, during launch and

　　damaged a rocket on the Atlantis. Still, the flight was considered a success.

　　Then, in early two thousand three, a piece of insulation struck the Columbia during launch.

　　This time, the shuttle broke apart on re-entry and the seven crew members died. NASA officials

　　suspended all flights and an investigation led to suggested changes.

　　Professor Desai says the search for solutions after a failure can make leaders more

　　open-minded. He points to airlines as an example of an industry that has learned from failures in

　　the past.

　　He advises organizations to look for useful information in small failures and failures they

　　avoided. He also urges leaders to encourage the open sharing of information. The study appeared

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