例如:1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.
3.不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和现在分词完成式having done/having been done均表示动作发生在谓语之前。
例如:1).He is said to have left.
2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.
4.词常表示发生在谓语之前而及物动词的过去分词则可以指发生在谓语之前或与谓语同时的状态。
例如:1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.
若非谓语形式正确而词义仍不同者则需从句义来考虑。
非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生,非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 1.动词不定式 例1:A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生) 例2:All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后) 例3:He is said to have studied English for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前) 注:动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面,表示未实现的行为。例如: 1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. (我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。) 2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的,但是他病了。) 2.动名词 例1:I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非谓语动词动作发生在后) 例2:We enjoy watching colour TV. (与谓语动词动作同时) 例3:He forgot having promised to write things for us. (非谓语动词动作发生在前。) 3.分词 例1:Singing a song, he came into the room. (非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生) 例2:Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前) 非谓语动词的比较 1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较 (1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的,时间概念不强,不是指某一次的动作;而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。例如: 1)I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today. 2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold. 3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening? (2)动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词;而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词,也可能是泛指一般人物,在句子里是找不着的。例如: 1)I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想闲坐着。)(指自己) 2)I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。)(可能指自己,也可能泛指一般人) (3)有些词后既可接动名词亦...
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