专题4

　　说明文型完形填空

　　专题导读

　　说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨、句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空中较难理解的一种文体。

　　说明文一般有三类：一是实体事例说明文(实体事物是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品)。包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等。二是事理(事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等)说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等。三是文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化，进而编成故事，对其进行介绍。

　　说明文完形填空的具体特点：(1)开头点题。做说明文型完形填空时，要明确说明的对象是什么，是具体实物还是理论性概念。因此，明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近年的说明文型完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象。(2)结构清晰。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时间顺序(指先后顺序)，空间顺序(从局部到整体，从上到下，从内到外)，逻辑顺序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次)；认识顺序(由此及彼，由浅入深，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质)。说明文型完形填空短文层次清晰，整体性强，所以，递进性词汇和名词的设题往往出现得较多。说明文往往较直白，写作脉络清晰，又没有很多感情因素的掺入，所以就不会有过多的情感词汇，自然不会有钻不出的“迷宫”。据此特点，我们便可以跟着“作者”走，理清整篇文章的思路，从而顺利答题。

　　真题典例

　　[2010·上海卷] The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece. If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing __1__.

　　What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out­of­town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering，—__2__ revising.Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process. When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom

　　opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had

　　__3__several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆). For instance, Lloyd Webber __4__ some of the music because the Phantom’s makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds.

　　When you revise, you change aspects of your work in __5__ to your evolving purpose, or to include __6__ ideas or newly discovered information.

　　Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment.__7__， it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way.Even your decision to __8__ topics

　　while prewriting is a type of revising.However，don’t make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows __9__.Always make time to become your own __10__and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak.Reviewing your work in this way can give you __11__ new ideas.

　　Revising involves __12__ the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present.When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose __13__ throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the __14__ —that is, facts, opinions, inferences—that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many __15__ details that may confuse readers?

　　()1.A.technique　B．style C．process

　　D．career

　　()2.A.in particular

　　B．as a result

　　C．for example

　　D．in other words

　　()3.A.undergone

　　B．skipped

　　C．rejected

　　D．replaced

　　()4.A.rewrote

　　B．released C．recorded

　　D．reserved

　　()5.A.addition

　　B．response

　　C．opposition

　　D．contrast

　　()6.A.fixed

　　B．ambitious C．familiar

　　D．fresh

　　()7.A.However

　　B．Moreover

　　C．Instead

　　D．Therefore

　　()8.A.discuss

　　B．switch

　　C．exhaust

　　D．cover

　　()9.A.drafting

　　B．rearranging

　　C．performing

　　D．training

　　()10.A.director

　　B．master C．audience

　　D．visitor

　　()11.A.personal

　　B．valuable C．basic

　　D．delicate

　　()12.A.mixing

　　B．weakening

　　C．maintaining

　　D．assessing

　　()13.A.amazing

　　B．bright

　　C．unique

　　D．clear

　　()14.A.angles

　　B．evidence C．information

　　D．hints

　　()15.A.unnecessary

　　B．uninteresting

　　C．concrete

　　D．final

　　【解析】修改是作品写作过程中非常重要且必需的步骤。文章讲述了作品修改的目的和途径。

　　1．C　参照下文的“Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”和“However，don’t make the mistake of skipping the revision stage”。technique意为“技术”；style意为“风格”；career意为“事业，生涯”，都不符合题意。

　　2．D　前面adding, deleting, replacing, reordering都是revising的方面，in other words意为“换句话说”，符合题意。in particular意为“尤其，特别”，表强调；as a result意为“因此”，表结果；for example意为“例如”，表举例说明；都不符题意。

　　3．A　人们观看的是完美的表演，但表演之前作品经历了(undergo)多次修改，与上文的“Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”对应。skip(跳远)、reject(拒绝，抵制)、replace(取代)都不符合题意。

　　4．A　动词release(释放，赦免，发行)，record(记录，录音)，reserve(保留，预订)都不符合题意。动词rewrite表示“重写，修改”，与动词revise同义，与本篇话题相关。

　　5．B　介词短语in addition to表示“而且，除……之外还有”；in opposition to表示“与……的意见相反”；in contrast to表示“与……形成对比”，都与本题不符。in response to(作为对……的反应)在本句表示“你修改作品是对你想改进作品的一种回应”。

　　6．D　fresh ideas 与后面的newly discovered information对应。

　　7．C　副词moreover(而且)类似于but also，表递进含义；副词however然而，表转折关系；instead作为“替代，反而”，表相反含义；therefore因此，表原因。由语境可知选C。

　　8．B　switch topics(变换标题)属于修改作品的一部分。动词discuss(讨论)、exhaust(使筋疲力尽)、cover(覆盖，包含)都不符题意。

　　9．A　rearranging(重新安排)、performing(表演)、training(培训)都与题意不符。由上文可知选drafting，意为“起草，草案”。

　　10．C　名词audience(观众)与下句view your dress rehearsal对应。名词director(导演)、master(主人，大师)、visitor(来访者)都与题意不符。

　　11．B　形容词valuable表示“做自己作品的观众能给你有价值的新信息”。形容词personal(个人的)、basic(基本的)、delicate(娇贵的、纤弱的、精美的)都与题意不符。

　　12．D　句意表示“修改包括评价作品所有方面的有效性和适当性”。故选D。

　　13．D　形容词clear在本句表示“我的文章大意或写作意图是否清晰”，与下文confuse readers对应。形容词amazing(令人惊讶的)、bright(明亮的，聪明的)、unique(独特的)都与题意不符。

　　14．C　facts，opinions，inferences都属于information，故选C。

　　15．A　unnecessary details表示“不必要的信息”，句意表示不必要的信息反而使读者困惑、误导读者。形容词uninteresting(单调的，乏味的)、concrete(具体的)、final(最终的，决定性的)都与题意不符。

　　新题预测

　　(一)

　　People do not analyse every problem they meet.They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.Other times they begin to act without __1__；they try to find a solution by trial and error.However, when all of these methods __2__， the person with a problem has to start analysing.There are six __3__ in analysing a problem.

　　First, the person must recognize that there is a problem.For example, Sam’s bicycle is broken.Sam must __4__ that there is a problem with his bicycle.Next the person must __5__ the problem.Before Sam can repair

　　his bicycle, he must know why it does not work.He must __6__ the parts that are wrong.

　　Now the person must look for __7__ that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions.Suppose Sam __8__ that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the brakes.__9__， he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about brakes or talk to his friends at the bike shop.

　　After __10__ the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution, which might be: tighten or loosen the brakes; buy new brakes and change the old ones.

　　In the end, one __11__ seems to be the solution to the problem.Sometimes the final idea comes quite __12__ because the thinker suddenly sees something in a __13__ way.Sam suddenly sees there is a piece of chewing gum stuck to a brake.He immediately hits on the solution to his problem: he must __14__ the brake.Finally the solution is __15__. Sam does it and finds his bicycle works perfectly.In short he has solved the problem.

　　()1.A.practice

　　B．thinking

　　C．understanding

　　D．help

　　()2.A.fail

　　B．work C．change

　　D．develop

　　()3.A.ways

　　B．conditions C．stages

　　D．orders

　　()4.A.explain

　　B．prove C．show

　　D．see

　　()5.A.judge

　　B．find C．describe

　　D．face

　　()6.A.check

　　B．determine C．correct

　　D．recover

　　()7.A.answers

　　B．skills

　　C．explanation

　　D．information

　　()8.A.hopes

　　B．argues C．decides

　　D．suggests

　　()9.A.In other words

　　B．Once in a while

　　C．First of all

　　D．At this time

　　()10.A.discussing

　　B．settling down

　　C．comparing with

　　D．studying

　　()11.A.suggestion

　　B．conclusion

　　C．decision

　　D．discovery

　　()12.A.unexpectedly

　　B．late

　　C．clearly

　　D．often

　　()13.A.simple

　　B．different C．quick

　　D．sudden

　　()14.A.clean

　　B．separate C．loosen

　　D．remove

　　()15.A.recorded

　　B．completed

　　C．tested

　　D．accepted

　　【解析】本文是一篇说明文，通过举例说明了解决问题的六大步骤。文章浅显易懂，逻辑性强。

　　1．B　without thinking意为“不假思索”。

　　2．A　从上下句的关系看，它们是转折关系。当这些方法都失败后人们就会开始分析。

　　3．C　此处stage的意思是“步骤”。分析问题有六个步骤。

　　4．D　此处see在这句话中意为“明白”。当Sam的自行车不能正常使用时，他应该明白自行车出了毛病。

　　5．B　要解决问题，当然要找到问题所在。

　　6．B　determine意为“测定，找出”，与find out意思相同。

　　7．D　根据下文Sam所做的事情可知，要了解问题的相关信息才能修理，所以选information。

　　8．C　结合逻辑在修自行车之前，要先“确定”是自行车的哪个部件出了问题。

　　9．D　当Sam的自行车闸出了问题之后，这时他就可以进一步采取措施了。at this time意为“这时”；in other words意为“换句话说”； once in a while意为“偶尔”；first of all意为“首先”。由句意及上下文可知选D。

　　10．D　研究了问题后(人们)就可能提出一些解决建议。此处study不仅有“学习”的意思，还有“研究”的意思。

　　11．A　其中一个建议会解决问题。根据上文可知选A。

　　12．A　由下文suddenly可知。

　　13．B　因为想解决问题的人突然发现了一些东西，直接就找到了症结所在，而这种方法与上文所述是不同的。

　　14．A　去掉口香糖的方法是清理车闸。

　　15．C　只有经过检验，才能证明解决问题的方法的正确性。

　　(二)

　　Have you read the book The Wolf Totem by a famous writer Jiang Rong, which tells the story of the relationship between wolves and human beings? Have you ever __1__the wolves’ world? If you had, you would admire the wolves.

　　In the book, wolves are heroes on the large grassland. They know more about __2__than humans. They can attack lambs without disturbing their mothers. They also know how to__3__full use of the shape of land to trap sheep. I believe that if wolves were humans, they would be__4__ experts good at fighting.

　　The wolf is a kind of special creature that can deeply understand__5__.Each wolf serves its group with its heart and soul. A __6__ wolf has little power, but a pack of wolves fear nothing. All the wolves obey the rules.__7__ they are defeated, they run away together.

　　The wolves also have great self­respect and won’t__8__ to anyone. The writer, who wrote the book The Wolf Totem，__9__stole a one­month­old baby wolf and raised it very carefully. To his __10__，he found the little

　　wolf still wanted to go back with the other wolves. He bit through the iron chain that limited him. The wolf was__11__ and he never gave in, fighting __12__ his death. The little wolf died as a glorious fighter.

　　I was shocked by this kind of __13__：wolves are one of the most respected creatures on earth. I want everyone to look at wolves in a __14__ way. They are our teachers. They show us how to survive and __15__ in this not simple and dangerous world. Please honor the wolves; please honor all these heroes of nature!

　　()1.A.thought about

　　B．walked into

　　C．talked about

　　D．cared for

　　()2.A.space

　　B．spot C．food

　　D．survival

　　()3.A.get

　　B．take C．have

　　D．make

　　()4.A.special

　　B．imaginative

　　C．outstanding

　　D．creative

　　()5.A.operation

　　B．teamwork

　　C．lifestyle

　　D．control

　　()6.A.single

　　B．brave

　　C．lonely

　　D．fair

　　()7.A.As for

　　B．As though C．Even so

　　D．Even if

　　()8.A.turn in

　　B．give in

　　C．take in

　　D．break in

　　()9.A.once

　　B．just

　　C．soon

　　D．only

　　()10.A.satisfaction

　　B．disappointment

　　C．pleasure

　　D．sorrow

　　()11.A.proud

　　B．satisfied C．willing

　　D．eager

　　()12.A.until

　　B．although C．before

　　D．unless

　　()13.A.selflessness

　　B．self­confidence

　　C．self­respect

　　D．self­protection

　　()14.A.curious

　　B．different

　　C．strange

　　D．humorous

　　()15.A.walk

　　B．hand

　　C．get

　　D．succeed

　　【解析】1．A　由后文可得知，作者全篇介绍狼，这里开篇点题：你是否对狼的世界进行过思考？再看选项，符合文意的只有A项。

　　2．D　从后文介绍的狼的种种捕食本领以及最后一段中的survive可以得知，狼比人类更懂得求生，所以答案选D项。

　　3．D　根据句意“懂得怎样充分利用地形”可知用固定搭配make use of。

　　4．C　从狼捕食的艺术来看，狼如果是人，会是更“杰出的”善战能手，故选C项。

　　5．B　从下文可知“狼是富有团队精神的”，故选B项。

　　6．A　文意是指“一只狼的力量是微弱的”，其他选项不合文意，故选A项。

　　7．D　文意表示“溃败时一起逃跑”，“溃败”与“群逃”应是让步关系，故选D项。

　　8．B　由下文“小狼的拼死抗争”可知狼不会向任何人“屈服”，故选B项。

　　9．A　对过去事情的叙述，表示“曾经”，故选A项。

　　10．B　由前句“细心养护”与后句“小狼仍想回到狼群中去”，可知作者应是“失望的”，故选B项。

　　11．A　由后文“never gave in”得知，狼是“骄傲的”，故选A项。

　　12．A　由文意“抗争至死”，可知应选A项。

　　13．C　由下文的respected可以知道，该空应填self­respect，故选C项。

　　14．B　从全文可知作者是赞扬狼的，由常识可以知道人们厌恶、害怕狼，而这里作者希望人们能用不同的方法去看待狼，故选B项。

　　15．D　由文意“它们懂得如何求生，能在这个不简单的危险世界里成功生存”可知选D项

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