In spite of their advantages，motor vehicles have many harmful effects on human lives and on air，water，land，and wildlife resources. The automobile may be the most destructive machine ever invented. Though we tend to deny it，riding in cars is one of the most dangerous things we do in our daily lives.

　　Since 1885，when Karl Benz built the first automobile，almost 18 million people have been killed by motor vehicles. Every year，cars and trucks worldwide kill an average of 250,000 people－as many as were killed in the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki－and injure or permanently disable ten million more. Half of the world's people will be involved in an auto accident at some time during their lives.

　　Since the automobile was introduced，almost three million Americans have been killed on the highways－about twice the number of Americans killed on the battlefield in all U．S.wars. In addition to the tragic loss of life，these accidents cost American society about $ 60 billion annually in lost income and in insurance(保险)，administrative(行政的)，and legal expenses.

　　Streets that used to be for people are now for cars. Pedestrians and people riding bicycles in the streets are subjected to noise，pollution，stress，and danger.

　　Motor vehicles are the largest source of air pollution，producing a haze of smog over the world's cities. In the United States，they produce at least 50% of the country's air pollution.

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