will be done 现在进行时is/am/are being done 过去进行时was/were being done 现在完成时have/has been done 过去完成时had been done 过去将来时would be done 九、特殊形式的被动结构 1.状态被动 状态被动与动作被动相对,状态被动中的过去分词不强调动作,而表示状态,实际上相当于一个形容词,因此整个句子应视作一个系表结构。这种结构中的过去分词多由有“完成意义的动词”变化而来,这类动词常见的有:close,change,build,cut,marry,engage,destroy,break 等。例如: It's eight o'clock now and all the shops in this street are closed. They were married and happy when I saw him. 特别提醒:①状态被动不能和时间状语或频度状语连用,否则就成了动作被动。 ②状态被动中的be动词可以换成look,become,remain,stay 等连系动词。 例如: The village remains unchanged. 2.get 被动 在被动语态中,get 可以用来代替助动词 be 表示动作被动(不表示状态被动)。与动作被动稍有不同的是,get 被动既强调动作本身,又强调动作结果。例如: Let's ask the policeman for help,or we may get lost. Did you get beaten by your father? 特别提醒:不是所有的被动句都可以由get来构成的。这种结构通常用于以下两种情况: ①表示一些突然、偶然或预想不到的事情时。例如: On my way home I got hurt by a football. ②表示自身所做的一些动作。如:get dressed,get washed,get married,get engaged,get lost,get confused等。 3.间接被动 “have(get)+宾语+过去分词”的形式可表示间接被动意义。这种用法通常见于下列三种情况: (1)表示有计划地请(让)别人做某事,过去分词所表示的动作由他人执行。 例如: Your hair is too long.You should have it cut as soon as you can. (2)表示一种经历,这种经历一般是消极的。句型中过去分词所表示的动作由他人执行。例如: She had her bag stolen yesterday. 她的包昨天被人偷走了。 He had his head injured in the accident. 他的头在事故中受伤了。 (3)表示使役,强调某个事情被完成了,过去分词所表示的动作通常由主语本身执行。例如: We have our exercises done.(=Our exercises are done by ourselves and are finished now.) 十、主动形式表示被动意义的情况 1.read, write, sell, wash, open, lock, cut 等动作动词在不表示动作,而表示主语的潜能、性状、特征等非动作意义时,其主动形式可表示被动意义,但其肯定式一般需后接副词、形容词或类似短语等对该动词作进一步的说明,其否定式一般用 won't, wouldn't, can't 等。例如: The article reads all right. I don't think it needs improving. The book sells well. The bus wouldn't move a bit. 2.easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, cheap, expensive, impossible, dangerous 等形容词作表语后接不定式时,不定式可用主动形式表示被动含义。例如: English is not easy to learn. 3.不定式做定语时,若与句子的主语或宾语同时具有逻辑上的主谓关系,可用主动形式表示被动含义。例如: I have a lot of things to do. Give me something to eat. 特别提醒:①若与句子的主语或宾语没有主谓关系,则还是用被动式为好。例如: I have nothing to be taken there, thank you. ②不定式做表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省略了 for people, for one, for you, for us 这样的逻辑主语。例如: He is a person hard(for one) to get along with. ③在 there be 结构中,说话人如果侧重强调必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果强调事情本身必须完成,则用被动式。试比较: There is much homework to do.(Someone has to do the homework.) There is much homework to be done. (The homework has to be done.) 4.在 need, require, want (需要),be worth 等词后做宾语的动名词,可用其主动形式表示被动含义。例如: The song is well worth listening to. 5.连系动词不及物,其主动形式可以表示被动含义。例如: His theory certainly sounded reasonable. Her answer to the question proved (to be) correct. 专题六 动词的时态和语态 一、一般现在时 1.基本用法 (1)表示经常性或习惯性的行为,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。例如: He usually gets up early. He cycles to work every day. (2)表示一种事实或不着眼于时间的一般性陈述。例如: Fujian lies in the east of China. —Can I help you,sir? —Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it doesn't work. Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 (3)表示真理。例如: Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees. 特别提醒:该用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句中的谓语动词也要用一般现在时。例如: Columbus proved that the earth is round. (4)用于某些不用于进行时态的静态动词来表示现在的行为和状态。例如: We love the Party. Tom writes good English but does not speak well. 2.其他用法 (1)用于文章标题、故事简介、舞台指导和实况解说等。例: Now I put the sugar in the cup.(动作解说) (2)与 advise,apologize,thank,predict,declare 等实施言语行为的动词连用,表示瞬间现在。例如: I advise you to agree to his plan. I apologize. (3)在强调句式中,从句用将来时的情况下,主句仍用现在时。例如: It is the headmaster who will give us a lecture. 3.错位用法 (1)表示模糊过去。例如: I hear they failed to get in touch with her at last. (2)在下面的倒装句中,用一般现在时替代现在进行时,表示现时刻的瞬间动作。例如: Here comes the bus! There goes the bell! 二、一般过去时 1.基本用法 (1)表示过去发生的一次性行为或状态。例如: —When did you finish writing this report? —The other day. He was born on May 3,1962. (2)表示过去发生的经常、反复的动作或状态。例如: He was always the first to come. 特别提醒:过去的习惯动作,我们还可以用 would 或 used to 来表达(不能与次数连用)。would 只表示过去的动作,不能表示状态;这种习惯动作现在可能还会存在。used to 既可以表示过去的动作,也可以表示过去的状态;这种习惯动作或状态现在已不复存在。 2.其他用法 (1)说话者在叙述一些已知事实的原委、起因时。例如: I have seen him already—he came to borrow a tape recorder.(交代原委) I haven't seen you for a long time.What happened to you? (追问已知事实的原委) I bought the motor bike in Yangzhou.(说明现有摩托车的来源) (2)句中有表示过去时间的副词或暗含过去时间的地点状语时。例如: Yangzhou was once the second biggest city in China. I saw the film in Nanjing.
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