知识要点 要点四
语法 1.复习定语 修饰名词或者代词的词、短语或者从句称为定语。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语以及从句等都可用来作定语。 (1)形容词 当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为:限观形龄色国材用,具体意指:限定词(一般指数量);外观(美丽等);形状(大小,高矮,胖瘦);年龄;颜色;国籍;材料;用途。 例句:A bright future shines before my eyes. 光明的未来展现在我面前 。 知识要点 (2)分词(短语) 例句:China is a developing country;America is a developed country. 中国是一个发展中国家,美国是一个发达国家。 Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher? 和我们老师握手的那个人是谁? 知识要点 (3)名词 例句:They are going to put up a wall newspaper next week.他们打算下周出墙报。 woman,man作定语时,当所修饰词为单数时,它们用单数;当所修饰词为复数时,它们用复数,但boy,girl一律用单数。名词作定语时,一般用单数,但某些常用复数的词,当它们用作定语时,也须用复数。如arms production武器生产;clothes shop服装商店。 知识要点 (4)代词 例句:His rapid progress in English made us surprised. 他在英语方面的快速进步使我们很吃惊。 (5)数词(表示数量) 例句:More than thirty students in our class have read the book. 我们班上30多个学生读过这本书。 (6)名词所有格 例句:You should follow the doctor’s advice and do more exercise. 你应该听从医生的建议,多运动。 知识要点 (7)不定式 例句:Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.我们的班长总是第一个进教室。 (8)动名词 例句:He walks with the help of a walking stick. 他在手杖的帮助下行走。 (9)介词短语 例句:He is reading an article about how to learn English. 他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。 知识要点 (10)副词(多位于被修饰词之后) 例句:The man in the room below is friendly. 楼下房间的那个人很友好。 (11)从句 例句:There is nothing that worries him. 没有什么事使他烦恼。 知识要点 【链接训练】 ①On Feb.15,2006,Wang Meng won the third ________ for China after Yang Yang embraced two at the 2002 Salt Lake City Games. A.Winter Olympic gold medal B.Winter Olympic golden medal C.Winter’s Olympic gold medal D.Winter’s Olympic golden medal 【解析】考查多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时的排序,其顺序一般为:限定词+大小、形状+新旧、颜色+国家、材料+用途、类别+中心词,由此可知,答案为A。 【答案】A 知识要点 ②This shop sells ________ clothing. A.child’s and woman’s B.children and women’s C.children’s and women D.children’s and women’s 【解析】名词所有格中,如果表示各自所有的物品,两个名词后都要加’s。句意为:这个商店卖童装和女装。 【答案】D 知识要点 ③________ turned to their favourite popular singer. A.All the present girls B.All the girls present C.The all present girls D.The present all girls 【解析】考查定语的位置。all应位于冠词the的前面,故排除C、D;present若在名词之前,意为“现在的”,故A项不合句意;present意为“出席的;在场的”,应置于名词之后,故选B。 【答案】B 知识要点 2.复习定语从句 (1)基本用法 ①关系代词:who,whom,that,which,as,whose 例句:This is the man whom you are looking for. 这就是你一直在找的人。(whom代替the man在从句中作look for的宾语) Is he the boy who/that survived the earthquake? 他就是那个在地震中幸存的孩子吗?(that可以代替who指人,但多用who) ②关系副词:when,where,why 例句:I have found a peaceful place where I can study. 我找到了一个能学习的安静的地方。(where=in/at which) This is the reason why he was absent. 这就是他为什么缺席的原因。(why=for which) 注意:when=on/in which;where=on/in/at which;why=for which 知识要点 (2)定语从句需要注意的几个问题 ①如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语,关系代词可以省略。但是如果关系代词是放在介词后面作宾语,则不能省略。whose不能省略。 例句:Is there anything(that)I can do for you?(that可省略)有什么我可以帮忙的吗? This is the girl with whom I work.(不可省略) 这就是跟我一起工作的女孩子。 ②如果关系代词前有介词,只能用which/whom,不能用that或who。但如果介词位于后面,则可以。 例句:This is the question about which we have had so much discussion in the past few years.(不可用that) 这就是这些年来我们一直在争论的问题。 The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.(不可用who或that) 与他一起工作的人觉得他有一点儿奇怪。 知识要点 ③如果先行词是all,much,little,everything,anything,none,everyone,something等不定代词时,一般用that,不可用which引导定语从句。 例句:Just tell me anything that you know about him. 告诉我所有你知道的关于他的事情。 ④先行词如果有形容词最高级或first,last,only,very,no,any等修饰时,一般用that引导定语从句。 例句:He was the only person that was present on the scene.他是唯一在现场的人。 Hangzhou is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited. 杭州是我曾经旅游过的最美的城市。 知识要点 ⑤在非限制性定语从句中不能用that,引导词也不能省略,且从句用逗号与主句隔开。 例句:He often has a morning walk,which does his heart good.他经常晨走,这对他的心脏有好处。 ⑥关系代词as可引导非限制性定语从句,代表整个主句的意思,可在句首、句中或句末,常译为“正如……”。as还可与the same,such构成固定词组,引导限制性定语从句。 例句:More America troops will be sent to Middle East,as I have learnt from the newspaper. 我从报纸上读到,将有更多美国军队进驻中东。 As is known to all,money is the root of all evils. 众所周知,金钱是万恶之源。 知识要点 【链接训练】 ①This is an unpleasant subject _________ we might argue for a long while. A.in which B.with that C.about which D.with it 【解析】考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。argue about sth.“为某事而争辩”。句意为:这是一个我们可能会争论好久的不愉快的话题。 【答案】C 知识要点 ②—Do you have anything in mind _________ you’d like for supper? —Well, ________ is okay with me. A.that;anything B.which;everything C.what;whatever D.where;something 【解析】句意为:——晚餐你有什么想吃的吗?——哦,什么都行。定语从句中先行词为anything,所以只能用that来引导,故排除B、C、D项。 【答案】A 知识要点 ③However,there are many more stations set up ________ mothers can donate their extra milk for other women’s babies. A.where B.which C.whose D.what 【解析】先行词是stations,set up是后置定语,从句中缺少地点状语,所以用where引导表地点的定语从句。 【答案】A 知识要点 ④Did you buy the same pen ________ I lost yesterday? A.that B.as C./ D.which 【解析】注意the same...as与the same...that的区别。as引导的定语从句的内容与主句所指的事物“相似”,指同类事物;that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一物”。本句问的是“你是否买到了和我昨天丢的那支一样的钢笔?”,所以选B。 【答案】B 知识要点 ⑤Safety in school has been of great concern because of frequent reports about accidents ________ students got injured or killed while in school. A.in which B.for which C.which D.when 【解析】考查定语从句。该句中的which是引导词,引导定语从句修饰先行词accidents。句意为“由于学生在学校受伤或死亡的不断报道,学校安全成为一个重要问题。 【答案】A Thank you ! 选修8 Module 3
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