In any case, despite so much evidence to the
52
, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,
53
, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from
54
without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of
55
people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to
56
to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general
57
. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional
58
managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without
59
managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:
60
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