In any case, despite so much evidence to the

　　52

　　, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,

　　53

　　, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from

　　54

　　without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.

　　Different cultures have different ways of

　　55

　　people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to

　　56

　　to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general

　　57

　　. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional

　　58

　　managers cannot.

　　A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without

　　59

　　managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:

　　60

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