It was midnight when he got home yesterday. 昨天他回到家里时,已经是午夜了。 第一句是强调句型,被强调的是时间状语,因此用介词短语表达;而第二句是一般句型,时间以名词的方式表达,用来作表语。 ②强调句型与It is+时间+since从句 It is...since...表示“自从……以来已有……(时间)”。 提示:两个句型中的时态一般不同,试比较: It was two years ago that I began to learn English. 两年前我开始学英语。 It is two years since I began to learn English. 自从我开始学英语到现在有两年了。 第一句为强调句型,强调的是过去的事情,用一般过去时;而第二句表示“从过去到现在已有多长时间”,用一般现在时。但强调句型同样可以用一般现在时。如: It is two hours that he spends on English every day. 每天他花在英语上的时间为两小时。 2.谓语动词的强调 It is/was...that...结构不能强调谓语。如果需要强调谓语,用助动词do, did或does。如: Do come this evening. 今天晚上一定来呀。 He did write to you last week. 上周他的确给你写信了。 Tom does study hard now. 现在汤姆的确学习很努力。 考点三 反义疑问句 1.回答反义疑问句时应遵循以下原则 (1)要么肯定到底,要么否定到底,不会出现Yes, I don't.和No, I do.的形式。 (2)不管主句否定,还是附加疑问句否定,回答时只看所提到的事情是否发生。如果发生了,用肯定回答,否则用否定回答。如当对方问你You aren't a teacher, are you?或You are a teacher, aren't you?时,你只要听懂you和teacher两个单词即可,如果你是老师,回答Yes, I am.否则,回答No,I am not.。 2.反义疑问句的五种情况 (1)情态动词must在反义疑问句中的用法要由它在陈述句部分中的意义决定。这是高考中的难点所在。具体见下表 意义 陈述句部分 附加疑问句部分 必须 We must have a discussion this evening, 我们今晚需要开个讨论会, needn't we? 是不是? You mustn't walk on the grass, 不允许踩踏草地, must/may you? 知道不知道? 意义 陈述句部分 附加疑问句部分 一定,想必 对现在情况的推测 You must be very tired,你一定很累, aren't you? 是不是? 对过去情况推测 It must have rained last night,昨晚准是下雨了, didn't it? 是不是? 对已经完成的情况的推测 He must have studied English for many years,他学英语一定很多年了, hasn't he? 是不是? (2)四种情况下的反义疑问句 ①陈述部分含有used to的反义疑问句。其反义疑问部分用usedn't或didn't均可。如: You used to sleep with the windows open, usedn't/didn't you? 你过去经常开着窗子睡觉,是吗? ②陈述部分含有ought to的反义疑问句。其反义疑问部分用oughtn't或shouldn't均可。如: He ought to attend the lecture, oughtn't/shouldn't he? 你应该参加这场演讲,是不是? ③否定词或半否定词的反义疑问句。当陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词或半否定词时,疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如: He could hardly walk without a stick, could he? 没有拐杖他没法走路,是吗? ④如果陈述部分含有由表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词,其反义疑问部分一般用否定式。如: Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesn't he? 汤姆不喜欢打网球,是吗? It's unfair, isn't it? 这不公平,是不是? (3)附加疑问句的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况 陈述部分主语 附加问句主语 例句 one(指人) one或he One can't be careful enough, can he/one? 再小心也不为过,是吗? this, that, these,those it或they This isn't a fast train, is it? 这不是辆快车,对吗? 陈述部分主语 附加问句主语 例句 everything, anything, something, nothing it Nothing happened to him, did it? 他没发生什么事,是吗? everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody he或they (更常见) Nobody likes to be laughed at, does he/do they? 没人愿意被嘲笑,是吗? 陈述部分主语 附加问句主语 例句 不定式、动名词、其他短语 it Learning English well will take us a lot of time, doesn't it? 学好英语将要花费我们很多时间,对吗? there be句型 there There will be rain tomorrow, won't there? 明天要下雨,是吗? There should be no problem, should there? 应该没什么问题,是吗? (4)祈使句的反义疑问句 当陈述句部分是祈使句时,反义疑问句的助动词不用do。 共有三种情况: ①祈使句后面的附加疑问句一般用will you或won't you。如: Come in and sit down, won't you? 进来坐下,好吗? Give me a hand, will you? 帮我个忙,行吗? ②以Let's开头的祈使句,后面的附加疑问句要用shall we;而以Let us或以Let me开头的祈使句,其后的附加疑问句应用will you。如: Let's try another way, shall we? 我们尝试另一个办法,好吗? Let us have a go, will you? 让我们试一试,好吗? ③若陈述句部分是否定的祈使句,附加疑问句除了用will you外,也可用can you。此时附加疑问句必须为肯定形式。 考点四 省略句及其他 1.省略句 (1)状语从句中的省略现象 ①当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致时,并且谓语部分含有be动词,可以省略状语从句中的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构: Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office. 他原来是教师,现在在政府办公室工作。(连词+名词) Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。(连词+形容词) He looked everywhere as if(he was) in search of something. 他到处打量好像在寻找什么东西。(连词+介词短语) ②当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和be动词一起省略。如: Unless (it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 除非有必要,否则你最好不要查字典。 另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可用if+so/not省略句式。如: He may not be at home then. If so (If he is not at home), leave him a note. 那时他可能不在家。如果不在家的话,给他留个便条。 Get up early tomorrow. If not (If you don't get up early), you will miss the first bus. 明天早晨要早起床。如果不早起,你就会错过第一班公交车。 (2)不定式的省略 ①单独使用不定式符号to。如: I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to. 我请他看电影,但是他不想去。 I didn't want to go there, but I had to. 我不想去那里,但不得不去。 ②否定形式的省略用not to。如: If you think reading is not right, I prefer not to. 如果你认为读书不对,那么我愿意不读。 ③如果不定式中含有be, have, 或have been,通常保留be,have和have been。如: —Are you a worker? ——你是工人吗? —No, but I used to be. ——我不是,但我曾经是。 —He hasn't finished yet. ——他还没做完呢。 —Well, he ought to have. ——哦,他应该完成了。 (3)其他省略的情况 ①as...as possible结构。这个结构常常表达“尽可能……”。如: I drove as slowly as possible in the heavy traffic. 在交通拥挤时我尽可能慢地开车。 ②What if句式。这一结构用来表达“要是/即使……怎么办/怎么样?”。如: What if this plan of yours fails? 如果你们的计划失败了怎么办? ③What/How about句式。What/How about常用来提出建议或征求对方意见。如: What about going to the movies this weekend? 这个周末去看电影怎么样? ④Why/Why not句式。Why/Why not常跟动词原形,用来询问为什么或为什么不,有时含有强烈建议的意味。如: Why not go and ask the teacher for help? 为什么不去向老师寻求帮助呢? 2.祈使句 (1)否定式和强调式 Don't be so sure. 别那么有把握。(否定式) Never come late. 千万别迟到。(强调式) Please don't forget to take your medicine. 请不要忘了吃药。(否定式) Do come on time this evening. 今晚务必准时到。(强调式) Do be careful! 千万要小心!(强调式) (2)祈使句+and+陈述句=if...,+主句 祈使句+or+陈述句=if...not...,+主句 如: Work hard and you will succeed. (=If you work hard, you will succeed.) 努力工作,你就会成功。 Hurry up or we will be late. (=If you don't hurry up, we will be late.) 快点儿,否则我们就迟到了。 One more minute and I will finish it. (=If you give me one more minute, I will finish it.) 再待一分钟我就完成了。 3.感叹句 (1)基本构成形式 ①What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! ②How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语! ③How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语! (2)省略形式的感叹句 ①how直接修饰谓语动词:How+主语+谓语! How (much) we love our motherland! 我们是多么热爱我们的祖国呀! ②省略主语和谓语 What an interesting book (it is)! 多有趣的一本书呀! How wonderful (it is)! 真棒! (3)其他形式的感叹句 How can you be so silly! 你怎么这么傻! The design and the colours! 多美的图案和色彩! To sell such a suit as that to a millionaire! 竟然把这样一套衣服卖给一个百万富翁! 4.there be句型 (1)在英语中there be句型表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物”。在这种结构中,there是引导词,be后面的名词是主语,句子的结尾是地点(时间)状语。 There is a tall tree in front of the classroom. 教室前有棵高大的树。 There will be a meeting at the conference room at 8 o'clock tomorrow morning. 明天上午8点在会议室有一个会议。 (2)如果有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词be要采用就近一致原则。 There is a pen, two books, and many pencils on the desk. 桌子上有一支钢笔,两本书还有许多铅笔。 (3)there be结构有不同时态的形式,而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。 There was a meeting in our school yesterday. 昨天我们学校召开了一次会议。 There will be a new film on Sunday. 星期日将上映一部新电影。 There have been many great changes in our village since then. 自从那时到现在,我们村发生了很大变化 There can't be any mistakes in his passage. 他的文章里不可能有错误。 (4)there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be, happen to be, be likely to be或remain, stand, lie, go, exist, follow, live, come, occur等替换。 There is likely to be something wrong with his computer. 他的电脑可能有毛病。 Once upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple. 从前,那座庙里住着一个老和尚。 (5)there be句型的非谓语形式。 There being no enough time left, we have to hurry. (=Because there is no enough time left...) 时间不多了,我们得抓紧。(独立主格结构作状语) There having been no water for two days, the travelers were all very thirsty. (=Because there had been no water for two days...) 已经停水两天了,这些游客们都口渴得厉害。(独立主格结构作状语) What is the chance of there being an election this year? 今年举行选举的可能性有多大?(there be的动名词形式作of的宾语) I expect there to be many chances for him to get a job. 我希望他有很多机会能找到工作。(there be结构不定式形式作expect的复合宾语) It is natural there to be a generation gap between the parents and their children. 父母与孩子们之间存在代沟是很自然的事情。(there be的不定式结构作真正主语)
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