about
15,000 years ago,brought an enormous challenge to which humans had to adapt.Before this time,large parts of the northern hemisphere were covered in great sheets of ice that contained much of the earth's water.In North America,large animals that roamed the vast tundra provided people with food and materials for clothing and simple shelters.When the earth became warm,large Ice Age animals disappeared,and many land areas were submerged by rising sea levels from melting ice.But people survived.They developed new technologies and learned how to survive on new plant and animal species.Finally some people settled into permanent villages,durable houses and farms.
Cultural adaptation has made humans one of the most successful species on the planet.Through history,major developments in technology,medicine,and nutrition have allowed people to reproduce and survive in everincreasing numbers.The global population has risen from 8 million during the Ice Age to about 6 billion today.
However,the successes of culture can also create problems in the long run.Over the last 200 years,people have begun to use large quantities of natural resources and energy and to produce a great amount of material and chemical wastes.The global population now consumes some crucial natural resources—such as petroleum,wood,and mineral ores—faster than nature can produce them.Many scientists believe that in the process of burning fuels and producing wastes,people may be changing the global climate in unpredictable and possibly harmful ways.Thus,the adaptive success of the presentday global culture of production and commerce may be temporary.
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