1.for为了;因为
I apologised to the teacher for my being late.
For some reason, I refused his invitation.
2.without
没有
He came in without his manager's permission.
I wouldn't have finished the task without your help.
3.by
借助于某种手段
The old man earned his living by selling fruits.
4.over
“在正上方(但未接触);超过”,多表示年龄,距离或跨越一定的高度
You can't wear a blue jacket over that shirt.
The plane can fly over the mountain.
5.beyond 超越(界限、范围、限度),可指时间或程度
It's quite beyond me why such things have been allowed to happen.
6.across 表示从空间表面上横穿。through 表示从人体或物体的内部穿过,也可指抽象意义上的通过。
He suddenly saw Mary across the room. He pushed his way through the crowd of people to get to her.
7.besides“除……之外”,其宾语包括在内。
except“除了”,其宾语不包括在内。
except for强调整体中的细节,前后事物不属于同类。
but常和except互换,强调不在其中。
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