1.3 Debate in the Western World

　　The debate has also been existing for a long time in the western world. And a great many scholars put forward their own opinions. Novalis (1798), Goethe (1813, 1814), Humboldt (1816), Nietzsche (1882), Schopenhauer (1851) are in favor of literal translation. А. С. Бархударов in the 1970s pointed out that we should grasp the discretion when translating and could resort to different ways of translation according to different types of literature. Afterwards, E. A. Nida, an American translation theorist, carried out more intensive research on literal and free translation. He basically held on free translation. And he thought: it is necessary to change the form of expression in order to the content of the original. Moreover, it is also significant to adjust the features of the sentence’s structure and reorganize the translation so as to acquire the best effect. Peter Newmark, however, owned the different idea. He considered: it is difficult to express something the source language has especially if we don’t translate literally.

　　1.4 Lu Xun’s Contribution to the Use of Literal Translation

　　Lu Xun, a famous Chinese writer advocated positively literal translation, against the way of adding to or taking some part from the original work optionally. He believed that literal translation has two benefits: One is obviously that the translation made by this method is easy to understand: the other is that it reserves the charm of the original. However, the literal translation he supported is not mechanical translation but “We should have our own criticism.” Moreover, he thought literal translation could help introduce new rules of grammar, syntax and morphology when a new content was inputted.

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