2.一件发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,注意这时说话者说话的重心 在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有already,just(刚刚),yet, never,before 等。如: He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.) 他关掉灯了。 The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.) 音乐会开始了。 I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.) 我看过那部电影了。 3.This/It is the first/second...time+that 从句。that 从句的谓语要用现在完成 时。如: This is the first time(that)I have come here. 这是我第一次来这里。 4.在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时间以前已完成的动作。 如: I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes. 除非我亲眼看到,否则我不会相信你的。(强调“看完”) I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 我干完了工作就和你一起去。(强调“干完”) 5.瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时 态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语,若要接表示一段时间的状语,需要做 一些相应的变换。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。如: (×)He has come to Beijing since last year. (√)He has lived in Beijing since last year. (×)He has joined the army for 3 years. (√)He has served in the army for 3 years. (√)He joined the army 3 years ago. (√)He has been a soldier for 3 years. (√)It is 3 years since he joined the army. (√)He has joined the army. 常见的瞬间动词或词组有:come,go,get to/reach/arrive at/in,leave,buy,sell, open,close,get up,join/take part in,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,become/ turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hear from,marry,break,lose,jump 等。 (二)过去完成时 1.一件事情发生在过去,而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表示“过去的过 去”),那么发生在前的事情的动词须用过去完成时。时间状语可用be- fore...等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可通过上下文来表示。 如: She had learned some English before she came to the institute. 她在来学院前已学过一些英语。 He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. 他说他在国外待了3年了。 2.表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时 间状语有:by then,by that time,until,by the end of,before 2000,by the time+句 子等。如: By then he had learned English for 3 years. 到那时,他已学了3年英语了。 Until then he had known nothing about it yet. 到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。 3.在Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely...when...和No sooner...than...句型中,when和than 从句里用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚……就… …”。如: Hardly(No sooner)had I got home when(than)the rain poured down.我刚到家, 大雨就倾盆而下。 Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre. 我们才刚刚开动,汽车的轮胎就漏气了。 4.It was/had been+一段时间+since 从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成 时。如: It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们10年没这么高兴了。 5.That/It was the first/second...time+that 从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完 成时。如: It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake. 这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。 That was the first time that I had passed the exam. 那是我第一次考试及格。 6.表示愿望、打算一类的词,如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose 等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。如: I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿) I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at that moment. 我本想帮你的,但当时太忙了。 I had thought you would come tomorrow. 我原以为你明天才来呢。 (三)将来完成时
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