The trade war between the US and Japan escalated in different phases. Six confrontations lasting 2-6 years took place during the whole period. Whenever an industry began to emerge in Japan, or threatened to overtake its US peer, it would be subject to US trade sanctions. Over these years, Japanese exports like textiles, steel, TV, and cars were subjected to trade sanctions by the US, culminating in an array of agreements on production and export restrictions. In the late 1980s, the third industrial revolution swept the world, and Japan began to leapfrog over the US on all fronts, which ignited a full-blown trade war between the two countries. From 1985 to 1991, the US and Japan were entangled in six years of negotiations covering fields like semiconductors, super computers, and telecommunications, and signed a series of agreements, including two on semiconductors and four on market access, with the most notable ones being the Plaza treaty and the Maekawa report. From 1989 to 1996, the two countries signed agreements on structural reform, insurance, and comprehensive economic reform to address market access impediments. The decades-long trade war failed to reverse the decline in US industries but it did reshape Japan's development model, accelerate its supply chain development, and bolster its global mergers and acquisitions. The top 10 M&A cases all took place after 2000.
由此可见,两个大经济体发生贸易摩擦是有一个过程的,解决之道是由点到面,依据双边经济发展态势,分阶段从解决单一行业竞争,到对整体市场经济关系逐次进行调整。而中美贸易摩擦却似乎采取了跳跃式发展的节奏,这是中美经济关系的密切性和特殊性所决定的。自中国2000年加入WTO以来,对外经济交往日益密切,中国以自己的人力、土地和资源低成本优势与美国为主的西方国家形成紧密的优势互补的全球产业分工格局,推动了全球经济的复苏和发展。因此,过去中美之间虽然在光伏、轮胎等产品上有过争议,但双方都认为中美在双边贸易中是双赢,美方认为中国是美国日益重要的市场,中国在遵守国际贸易准则方面虽不完美但进步很大,双方很快在一些具体的贸易问题上达成协议。但特朗普当选执政以来秉承“美国优先”的原则,推动降低美国的贸易逆差并吸引制造业回流,而中国作为美国的第一大贸易逆差来源国和世界发展最快的、最重要的制造业大国,自然成了特朗普的贸易保护主义首要打击的对象。特朗普一改以往的从单个行业入手逐次开展贸易战的做法,直接挑战中国的经济发展模式、市场开放模式和产业政策,试图迫使中国全盘接受美国的贸易政策主张,这令中国政府完全无法认同美国政府的观点。中国的经济发展模式和相关产业政策是依据中国经济的实际发展阶段和市场结构特点内生而成的,存在着不足,但主体是适应中国经济发展要求的。对不足之处的改革始终在推进中,但不可能一蹴而就。美国逼中国签城下之盟的目标难以达到。事实上,与中国产业链高度结合的美国经济本身也没有做好与中国经济即刻分道扬镳的准备。因此,在美国中期选举后,中美双方还是要找到阶段性缓解双边贸易摩擦的办法。届时双边的关税战不会结束,但会有所缓解,达成一些中间性的协议,以稳定市场预期。
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