Negative externalities on production occur when producing an item imposes a cost on those not directly involved in producing or consuming the item.
如果一件产品在生产时会对市场外的人带来成本,那这个产品就具有生产端的负面外部性。
For example, factory pollution is the quintessential negative externality on production, since the costs of pollution are felt by everyone and not just those who are producing and consuming the products that are causing the pollution.
比如,工厂的污染就是最典型的生产端的负面外部性,因为污染会波及到所有人,而不仅仅是那些生产、消费污染源头产品的人。
Negative Externalities on Consumption and Positive Externalities on Consumption
消费端的负面外部性和消费端的正面外部性
Negative externalities on consumption occur when consuming an item actually imposes a cost on others.
如果一件产品在消费时会对市场外的人带来成本,那这个产品就具有消费端的负面外部性。
For example, the market for cigarettes.
比如,香烟市场。
Because the presence of externalities makes unregulated markets inefficient, externalities can be viewed as a type of market failure.
由于外部性会让不受监管的市场变得低效,所以外部性可以被看做是一种市场失调。
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