This market failure, at a fundamental level, arises because of a violation of the notion of well-defined property rights, which is in fact a requirement for free markets to function efficiently.
这种失调,归根结底是因为产权的界定不够严密;如果一个市场要高效运作,那这种界定就必须得严密。
This violation of property rights occurs because there is no clear ownership of air, water, open spaces, and so on, even though society is affected by what happens to such entities.
这些产权之所以不严密,是因为空气、水、空间等等的东西都没有明确的所有人,但整个社会都会受这些东西影响。
When negative externalities are present, taxes can actually make markets more efficient for society.
当负面外部性存在时,税收实际上能让一个社会的市场变得更高效。
When positive externalities are present, subsidies can make markets more efficient for society.
当正面外部性存在时,补贴能让市场变得更高效。
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