The Rest
其他学习技巧
The remainder of the techniques evaluated by Dunlosky and his colleagues fell into the middle ground —not useless, but not especially effective either. These include:
Dunlosky和他的同事们评估的其他技巧都处于中间地带——虽然不是完全没用,但是也没有多大的效率。这些技巧有:
Mental imagery, or coming up with pictures that help you remember text (which is time-consuming and only works with text that lends itself to images);
心理意象,即看图片记文字(很耗时间,而且只对能联想得到图片的文字有用);
Elaborative interrogation, or asking yourself “why” as you read (which is kind of annoying, like having a 4-year-old tugging at your sleeve);
学习精细化整合,即边读边问自己问为什么(有点烦人,就好像四岁小孩一直拉着你的袖子问问题一样);
Self-explanation, or forcing yourself to explain the text in detail instead of passively reading it over (its effectiveness depends on how complete and accurate your explanations are);
自我解释,即强迫自己解释文中出现的细节内容,而不是之后再被动地重新阅读(这种方法是否有效取决于你的解释是否完整精确);
Interleaved practice, or mixing up different types of problems (there is not much evidence to show that this is helpful, outside of learning motor tasks);
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