过去完成时
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即过去的过去( past-in-the-past )。
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那时以前 那时 现在
构成:过去完成时由助动词 had + 过去分词构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.
二、过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由过去的过去来判定。
过去完成时表示过去的过去,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
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