现象:判例中的转变In 189612 a Georgia couple 控告 damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution1A2C to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three-year-old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000.
解释:原因是孩子价值的转变The transformation in social values implicit in 把两个东西并排 these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizers excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century5, she argues, the concept of the useful child who contributed to the family economygradually 让步于 the present-day notion of the useless child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally5C priceless. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education lawsin part 以为基础 the assumption that a childs emotional value made child labor 竞技.
解释第二段:孩子价值转变的原因For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of childrens productive value in a maturing industrial economy6B, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality6A, and the development of the 伙伴的,友爱的 family were all factors critical in changing the assessment of childrens worth. Yet 排除,驱除 of children from the cash 联系 关系), although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures6C, Zelizer maintains, was also part of a cultural process of 神圣化 of childrens lives. Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the 无情的败坏 of human values by the marketplace6E.
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