大部分变化多是国家权力扩张的直接后果,国家通过复杂的津贴和反竞争规章来扩张权力的,而这种扩张带来的是任人唯亲的风气,这在Meltzer的书中也有提到。Meltzer认为,当政府说支持私营企业时,往往是支持企业而非支持市场,也就是说政府是为某些企业机构提供支持,而非广泛支持所有企业机构。这一行为扭曲了该系统,恰恰导致精英公司得利却让社会承担代价的后果,Meltzer认为这一问题正是制定出的规章应该避免的核心问题。
Mr Zingales makes three proposals. Protected sectors, notably education and health care,should be opened up to competition. Tax policy should be changed in two ways. First, itshould be used to make subsidies and their costs more transparent. The deduction onmortgages, for example, should be termed a tax on renting; the lavish benefits provided forethanol production should be regarded as a tax on petrol. Secondly it should be used as asubstitute for complicated regulation and applied against areas that cost society, such aspollution and the use of short-term debt by banks.
Meltzer提出三个解决方案。受国家保护的部门,特别是教育和医疗,应该对外开放,接受竞争。税收政策应该在两方面做出改变。首先,应该利用税收政策来让津贴和津贴来源变得更透明。比如,按揭贷款扣除应该叫做租赁税;乙醇生产带来的丰厚利润应该被冠以汽油税。其次,税收政策该被用来代替复杂的规章,并且用在对让社会承受巨大代价的领域,比如环境污染和银行短期债务的使用。
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