有时,作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义,例:
Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates,hollow瞘utted organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big,complex types of brainthe types we find among the vertebrates,or backboned animals.
②近义复述同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用,我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例:
Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married. Although he often had the opportunity,Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
③反义对照在表示对照的上下文中,常包含有意义相反的词语或概念,这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索,帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号词:although,but,however,though,whereas,while,yet,on
the contrary,on the other hand等。
例:Chimpanzees in the wild use simple objects as tools,but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items. Most dentists-offices are drab places,while Emilios new office is a bright,cheerful place.
④搭配集合利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境,我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例:
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