A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A) mental
B) promise
C) kill
D) avoid
E) hope
F) especially
G) aid
H) ordinary
I) approval
J) monetary
K) generally
L) improve
M) challenging
N) restore
O) excellent
心理学家们对于外在的奖励,从热情的称赞到冰冷冷的金钱刺激,会怎样影响一个人动力与创造力,持有截然不同的看法。研究行为和结果之间关系的行为学家认为:奖励能够提高人们的工作和学习表现。研究各种精神生活方面的认知派研究专家却认为:由于奖励助长了人们期望得到别人以同的心理和对物质奖励的依赖心理,往往会破坏创造力。
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