Effects of Culture of Honor “尊荣文化”的影响 Strong emotions also spur risk-taking, research shows. Men who subscribe to a culture of honor and believe they must defend their manhood or keep others from pushing them around are more likely to start an argument or attack a fellow motorist in a fit of road rage, says a 2012 study in Social Psychological and Personality Science. Other research shows that experiencing discrimination or rejection leads people to take more chances. 研究表明,强烈的情绪也会激发冒险行为。2012年发表在《社会心理和人格科学》(Social Psychological and Personality Science)上的一篇研究表明,那些崇尚“尊荣文化”、笃信自己的男性尊严不容侵犯或者认定自己必须避免被别人摆布的男性,更容易在发生驾驶纠纷时出言不逊或对其他司机大打出手。另有研究表明,遭到歧视或者拒绝也会让人们铤而走险。 Ione Fletcher Kleven was annoyed one spring night in 2010 when she heard a fight break out in the front yard of her Castro Valley, Calif., home. She was determined to protect a garden she and her grandson had just planted there. 2010年一个春日的夜晚,家住加利福尼亚卡斯特罗谷(Castro Valley)的艾奥尼·弗莱彻·克列文(Fletcher Kleven)听到她家前院有打架的声响。她很生气,并且决意要保护她和她的孙辈刚刚耕种不久的花园。 The 67-year-old portrait artist isnt usually a risk-taker. She dislikes flying, never gambles and has been married to her husband Oliver for 49 years. When she opened the door, her eyes met those of a helpless, screaming 14-year-old boy who was being beaten and stabbed by two burly men. I felt a rush of heat up my spine, says the 5-foot-6-inch grandmother, and I started running straight toward the assailants. I got so mad I scared myself. 这位67岁的肖像画家通常不是个爱冒险的人。她讨厌坐飞机,从没去过赌场,嫁给她丈夫奥利佛(Oliver)已经49年。当她打开门,一个孤独无助、正在喊叫的14岁男孩把目光投向了她,两个健壮的男子正在殴打这个男孩,甚至还用刀刺伤了他。这位5英尺6英寸高(约1.68米)的祖母说,“我顿时火冒三丈,我立即冲向”那两个袭击者。“我是那么疯狂,连我自己都被吓到了。” She grabbed the boys wrist and pulled him from under his attackers, screaming in their faces, Get out of here! Her husband, a 6-foot former Marine, stepped onto the porch, and the attackers fled. The wounded teen recovered after surgery and several months rehabilitation. Ms. Kleven is still surprised at the gamble she took, she says. I dont want to hurt anybody. But that night I would have ripped their heads off. 她一把抓过那个男孩的手腕,把他从那两个袭击者的身旁拉开,并对他们大喊“走开!”这时,她的丈夫─一位身高6英尺(约1.83米)的前海军陆战队士兵来到了门廊上,袭击者逃跑了。这个受了伤的男孩经过手术治疗和数月的复原后最终得以痊愈。克列文表示,直到现在,她仍然对自己的见义勇为之举感到惊讶。“我不想伤害任何人。但是,那个晚上,我甚至可以把他们的头拧下来。” Past studies typically measured peoples appetite for risk by asking them to make choices in a laboratory setting between receiving a set amount of cash and playing a lottery with varying odds of winning different amounts of money. Men tended to make riskier choices in these experiments, which led researchers to conclude the women in general have less appetite for risk. The reality may have been that men typically are more used to taking financial risks. 以往的研究通常是通过下面的方式来衡量人们的风险偏好的:研究人员会设置一个实验性的场景,然后要求测试对象在获得一笔固定金额的现金和中奖几率不同、奖金金额不同的抽奖之间做出选择。男性倾向于在这类实验中做出更冒险的选择,研究人员便由此得出了女性一般来讲风险偏好更低的结论。而事实可能是,男性通常只是更习惯于承担财务风险。 Researchers have developed new tools to measure the nuances of risky behavior, and their findings have dashed that stereotype. A scale developed at Columbia University gauges risk-taking not only in the financial domain but in social, ethical, recreational and health areas. Researchers have found risk-takers in one realm may be timid in others. 研究人员已经开发出了衡量风险行为差异的最新工具,而相关的研究成果则打破了上述固有印象。哥伦比亚大学研发出的一套标准不仅能够衡量人们在财务领域的风险行为,也能衡量人们在社会、道德、娱乐和健康领域的风险行为。研究人员发现,在某一领域爱冒风险的人可能在其他领域却颇为小心谨慎。 Women feel more comfortable than men taking social risks, such as moving to a new city or wearing unconventional clothes, according to studies using this new, domain-specific risk-taking scale. When researchers factor in differences in how men and women perceive various kinds of risks, women are no more risk-averse than men, Dr. Weber says. 根据使用了这一全新的、分领域风险行为衡量标准的研究,女性在承担社会风险的时候比男性更加游刃有余,这类风险包括搬至一个新的城市或者穿着前卫的服饰。韦伯表示,当研究人员综合考虑男性和女性应对不同种类的风险的差异后发现,女性的避险观念并不比男性强烈。
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