科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有: 1. 总分式。在说明事物或事理时,段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系,表现为由总到分、由分到总。 2. 承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程,或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排,前后相互承接。 3. 递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明,各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外, 还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。 真题典例 专题八 │真题典例 [2011·湖南卷]
A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的)species. The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant,African forest elephant,and African savanna elephant. 专题八 │真题典例 Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列) from two fossils(化石),mammoths and mastodons,the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths. The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists. 专题八 │真题典例 There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species,but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. Previously,many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species,despite the elephants' significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons,roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.But the 专题八 │真题典例 fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA. Alfred Roca,assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois,said,“We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950,all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals,the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(优先)for conservation purposes.” 专题八 │真题典例 ()1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________. A.the Asian elephant
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