B

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

　　“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark, “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.

　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued reward, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

【高考英语冲刺阅读理解训练题（十一）】相关文章：

★ 河南省三门峡市2014高考英语一轮（暑假）基础训练（1）附答案

★ 盘点最新2016高考二轮复习英语阅读理解的八种能力

★ 贵州省贵阳市2014高考英语（新人教版）一轮阅读训练（31）附答案

★ 2016高考英语听力提升素材

★ 浙江省湖州市2014高考英语阅读理解一轮（暑假）精炼（20）含答案

★ 重庆市2014高考英语阅读理解一轮（精品）训练题（5）附答案

★ 2017届高考英语二轮复习大题冲关秘籍语法填空：创新押题（含解析）

★ 贵州省贵阳市2014高考英语（新人教版）一轮阅读训练（27）附答案

★ 2017高考四川省广安市英语阅读理解一轮系列训练：26（含解析）

★ 常熟市2014高考英阅读理解语一轮（暑假）训练题（10）及答案