其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如: We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语) These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语) He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。(as作表语) 注意:such...as引导的定语从句与such...that引导的状语从句的区别: ①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明的男孩子。 ②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. 他是一个如此聪明的男孩子,以至于人人都喜欢他。 第一个句子中such...as引导的是定语从句,as在从句中作宾语;而第二个句子中 such...that引导的是状语从句,从句中不缺任何成分。 2....such as... such为代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as在从句中作成分,修饰先行词such。如: This book is not such as I expect. 这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语) 1.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主 句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都 可替代整个主句的内容。如: The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect. 结果天气很好,超出了我们的预料。 2.当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as。如: As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month. =The moon travels round the earth once every month,as/which is known to every- body. =It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. (六)关系代词as,which的区别 =What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 众所周知,月球每月绕地球转一次。 后两句属名词性从句范畴。 另外,as多用于下列习惯用语中:as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样; as is well known=as is known to all众所周知;as we had expected正如我们所预 料的那样;as often happens正如经常发生的那样;as has been said before如上所 述;as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。 3.当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。 (1)当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如: He came here very late,which was unexpected(not expected). 他迟到了,这是意料之外的。 (2)当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:be known,be said,be reported,be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用which作主 语。如: She has been absent again,as is expected. 她又缺席了,这在预料之中。 Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy. 汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。 (3)as常用在as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out,as(it)was said earlier,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)appears等结构中。如: Jack has won the first prize,as it often happens. 像往常一样,杰克得了一等奖。 She has read widely in Romantic literature,as it appears from her essay. 她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学,这从她的文章中可以看出来。 (4)as仍然保持作连词时的某种含义。如: David is tall,as are my brothers(=and so are my brothers). 戴维很高,我的兄弟们也一样。 He opposed the idea,as could be expected. 不出所料,他反对这个意见。 (5)当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时,只能用which引导定语从 句。如: Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. 贝蒂总是说谎,她的父母觉得奇怪。 三、关系副词的用法 (一)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介 词(如:in,at,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which; why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。如: I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which) 我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。 Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which) 你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗? Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which) 你知道他缺席的原因吗? (二)where/when=介词+关系代词(which)。有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词 where/when前加介词from,to等。如: China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spread to Japan,Korea,Thai- land and India. 中国是风筝的故乡,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。 (三)高考对关系副词where的考查 高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为“明显的地点”转为“地 点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行 词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage,或表达某事的某个方面时都 可用where这个关系副词。如: They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问句中的where,名词性从句中的 where都有这种用法。如: Where will all this trouble lead? 这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果? That is where you are mistaken. 那就是你的错误所在。 引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,它们 还有一个最重要的作用,那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体地说,关 系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中 作状语。因此,在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句所缺的成分,若 从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么必须用关系代词;若从句中缺状语,那 么必须用关系副词。 试比较下面的句子: (1)Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗? (2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qing- dao? 四、关系代词和关系副词的比较 你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗? 在句(1)中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此须用关系代词that/which来引导从句;在句 (2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,因此须用关系副词when来引导从句。 五、定语从句用法的其他要点 (一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不可省略。 (二)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词的单复数保持一致。 当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中的谓语动词 在人称、数的方面,应该与先行词保持一致。 1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数形式。如: The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。
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