“They do not realize that hormones are washing on the brain. If you look at female animals who have never gone through pregnancy, they act differently toward young. But if she goes through pregnancy, she will sacrifice her life for her infant—that is a great change in her behavior that showed in genetic alterations(改变) to the brain.”

　　40. How do scientists know “Motherhood may make women smarter”?

　　A. Some researchers have told them.

　　B. Many women say so.

　　C. They know it by experimenting on rats.

　　D. They know it through their own experience.

　　41. What does the phrase “litters of pups” mean in the second paragraph?

　　A. Baby rats.

　　B. Animals.

　　C. Old rats.

　　D. Grown-up rats.

　　42. What can protect the brain of a woman according to the passage?

　　A. Estrogen.

　　B. The hormones of pregnancy.

　　C. More exercise.

　　D. Taking care of children.

　　43. “It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals.” What does the sentence suggest?

　　A. The experiments on the rats have nothing to do with humans.

　　B. The experiments on the rats are very important for animals.

　　C. The experiments on the rats are much the same on humans.

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