制药企业已开始对通过重新编程获得的人体组织进行药物试验。明年,用这种方法获得的新生视网膜细胞将首次被移入人体,在日本对患有黄斑病变眼疾的病人进行临床试验治疗。
Scientists used to believe the fate of our cells was a one-way trip. We start as a fertilized egg; become an embryo consisting of immature, undifferentiated cells; then gradually develop into a body of specialist cells, including blood, bone, muscle and skin.
科学家过去认为,细胞的生长是不可逆的。我们始于一个受精卵,然后成为由不成熟、未分化的细胞组成的胚胎,再逐渐发育为由专门细胞构成的个体,包括血液、骨骼、肌肉和皮肤。
In 1962, Dr. Gurdon, while trying to understand how simple, undifferentiated cells became all the other cells in the body, performed an audacious experiment. He removed the DNA from a frog egg and replaced it with the DNA of a mature cell taken from a tadpole. The egg developed into a healthy, cloned tadpole. (The same approach would be used to create Dolly the sheep in 1996.)
1962年,格登还在努力了解未分化的简单细胞是如何变成人体内所有其它细胞的,那时他就做了一项大胆的试验。格登从一枚青蛙卵子中移除DNA,再将从蝌蚪身上提取的成熟细胞的DNA放入这枚卵子内,后来该卵子发育成一只健康的克隆蝌蚪。(1996年克隆羊多莉的诞生也是用的这种方法。)
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