What is the process at work here? Perhaps this is a victory from beyond the grave for classical Western political theory. Republics, after all, were regarded by most ancient political philosophers as condemned to decadence, or to imperial corruption. This was the lesson of Rome. Democracy was always likely to give way to oligarchy or tyranny. This was the lesson of the French Revolution. The late Mancur Olson had a modern version of such cyclical models, arguing that all political systems were bound to become the captives, over time, of special interests. The advantage enjoyed by West Germany and Japan after World War II, he suggested, was that all the rent-seeking elites of the pre-1945 period had been swept away by defeat. This was why Britain won the war but lost the peace.

是什么导致了美国的问题？或许这是已被遗忘的经典西方政治理论的一次胜利。别忘了，大多数古代政治哲人都认为共和政体终将衰落或者最终沦落为君主制；古罗马共和国就是一个例证。而民主政体总是倾向于给寡头政治和专制暴政让路；法国大革命就是一个例证。已故的曼瑟尔??奥尔森(Mancur Olson)对这些周而复始的循环模式提出了一个现代版的阐述，即：随着时间的推移，所有政体最终都将变成为特定对象服务的工具。在他看来，二战后西德和日本享有的一大优势是，所有在1945年前寻租的所谓精英都因战争失败而被扫清了。这也正是为什么英国赢得了二战胜利，但却没有得到和平。

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