Hotz and Pantano settle close to Theory (6). Parents are more likely to make strict rules (about, e.g., TV-watching) and be intimately involved in the academic performance of their first children, according to survey data. They're also more likely to punish their first child's bad grades. Hotz and Pantano say moms and dads start tough and go soft to establish a "reputation" within their household for being strict—a reputation they hope will trickle down to the younger siblings who will be too respectful to misbehave later on.
The theory is interesting but not entirely persuasive. First it seems nearly-impossible to test. The survey data is much better at showing that parents chill out as they have more kids than at showing that parents chill out because they're explicitly establishing a reputation for strictness. Nothing in the paper seems to argue against the simpler idea that parents seem to go soft on later kids because raising four children with the same level of attention you'd afford a single child is utterly exhausting. What's more, if later-born children turn out to be less academically capable than their older simblings, it suggests that the economists' reputation theory is failing in families across the country.
根据一个新调查显示“家庭中更早出生的孩子一般会比他们的弟弟妹妹在学校里表现得好”,并且原因有可能就在于他们的父母。
根据经济学家约瑟夫霍茨和胡安分析得知父母在照顾第二个孩子时总是更得心应手,不像第一个孩子时那么紧张和小心翼翼。因此,家庭中长子总是会受到父母更精心的照顾并且在学校中也能得到很好的成绩。
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