The biggest effects are seen among disadvantaged groups. African-American college freshmen who participated in an exercise to ease fears that they didn't belong on campus posted sharply higher grades for three years, compared with controls. They also reported better health and well-being as seniors, according to a 2011 study in Science co-authored by Dr. Walton.

这些心理干预在弱势群体中的作用最大。沃尔顿与其他研究者共同发表于《科学》(Science)杂志的2011年的研究指出，与对照组相比，参与了缓和对“自己不属于校园”的恐惧训练的非裔美国大学新生三年间的成绩都大幅提高。另外，他们也表示自己在大四时更健康更快乐。

Female engineering students took part in another intervention designed to help them gain confidence; the exercise led them to post higher grades and form more friendships with male counterparts, according to the research, led by Dr. Walton.

在由沃尔顿主持的这项研究中，工程学系女生参与了另一项旨在帮助她们获得自信的心理干预。研究称，该训练促成她们取得了更好成绩并与更多男同学结为朋友。

Of course, researchers acknowledge that such messages could come off like a bad comedy skit if delivered poorly -- as 'a hollow, ego-boosting exercise' in empty self-praise that 'I'm good enough, I'm smart enough, and doggone it, 'people like me,' ' says the 2011 research review by Dr. Yeager and Dr. Walton, quoting the early 1990s 'Saturday Night Live' character Stuart Smalley.

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