近几十年来儿童出生率开始骤减,这个现象从西方逐渐蔓延到全球发达国家,而且也正在感染许多贫穷国家。
学者指出,儿童出生率降低是因为儿童的贡献不如以前。
在社会转型前,孩子是父母重要的财产。他们的劳动力成为了父母的商品,而且他们习惯严苛的管束和节俭的生活。父母不仅可以占据孩子儿时的劳动力,还可以占据他们成年后的财产。
社会转型后,在大众教育的影响下,儿童成为了独立的个体。他们的个体地位上升,孩子不再是父母的劳动力,生活条件大大改善。与此同时孩子也逐渐变化成政府的财产,用来创造更多的社会价值。
The nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been characterized by a massive decline in fertility, beginning in rich western countries and spreading all over the world. It is a transformation that is still underway in poor countries today.
Technological advances have, over the same period, radically decreased child mortality and increased life span. Modern parents need not have many children to ensure that one or two survive; almost all children survive to reproductive age. But Darwinian genetic interests cannot explain the modern decline in fertility (if Darwinian interests dominated, fertility should increase with increased survival, as observed in many historical elites). Rather, the fertility decline to present levels is mostly an economic response to the changing value of children, and to the changing economic relationship of parents and children. The economic transformation is not spontaneous, but the product of cultural transformation through education.
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