While the M.T.O. participants moved to neighborhoods with somewhat less poverty and crime, their new homes were by no means in flourishing sections of the city. Sampson produced a map of Chicago showing that the overwhelming majority of families moved to areas that still qualified as communities of “high concentrated disadvantage” based on a measure combining poverty rates, unemployment, welfare receipt, female-headed households, racial composition and density of children.

虽然参与MTO项目的家庭搬到贫困与犯罪状况稍好的社区，其新家所处的地段绝不是什么欣欣向荣之所。桑普森绘制了一幅芝加哥地图，其中显示，根据贫困率、失业状况、领取救济状况、女性支撑家庭的数量、种族构成和儿童人口密度进行衡量的综合指标，绝大多数MTO家庭迁去的地方仍是“底层人口高度集中”的社区。

In a separate study, Heather Schwartz, a researcher at the RAND Corporation, reached conclusions more in line with Sampson’s and Wilson’s. Schwartz examined the performance of low-income, mostly minority students in Montgomery County, Md., an affluent majority-white suburb of Washington.

在另一项研究中，来自兰德公司(RAND Corporation)的研究员希瑟·施瓦茨(Heather Schwartz)得出的结论也与桑普森和威尔逊更为一致。在马里兰州蒙哥马利县，施瓦茨研究了大多为少数族裔的低收入家庭学生的表现。该县属于华盛顿的郊区，经济富裕，以白人居民为主。

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