Placebos are important, because they help scientists to control for people’s expectations. If people believe that a drug, for example, will lead to certain outcomes, their bodies may produce those results, even if the volunteers are taking a look-alike dummy pill. That’s the placebo effect, and its occurrence suggests that the drug or procedure under consideration isn’t as effective as it might seem to be; some of the work is being done by people’s expectations, not by the medicine.
安慰剂很重要,因为它们帮助科学家来控制受试者的预期。例如,如果人们相信一种药物会产生某些效果,他们的身体可能就会出现相应的反应,即使志愿者只是吃了外观相似的无效药物。这就是安慰剂效应,它的存在意味着,正在研究的药物或疗程并没有看上去那么有效;有些效果是由人们的期待促成的,而不是药物本身。
Recently, some scientists have begun to question whether the apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo effect. While many studies suggest that exercise may have cognitive benefits, those experiments all have had a notable scientific limitation: They have not used placebos.
最近,一些科学家开始怀疑,体育锻炼表现出来的改善思维的益处可能是安慰剂效应。尽管许多研究显示,运动或有提高认知能力的好处,但这些实验都存在一种明显的科学局限性:它们没有使用对照组。
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