美国的联邦食物强化项目始于20世纪初,目标是解决紧急、明显的营养缺乏问题。比如,研究表明,当时的育龄妇女叶酸摄入不足。因为面包和谷物是她们的主食,所以在这些食物中添加了叶酸,结果,婴儿神经管缺陷的比率显著下降。
Before 1920, iodine deficiencies were common in some parts of the country. A lack of iodine can lead to goiters, miscarriage, congenital abnormalities and severe learning disabilities. So the widespread fortification of salt with iodine was started in 1924. In the 1930s, vitamin D deficiency was linked to rickets. That discovery led in 1933 to the fortification of milk with vitamin D.
1920年之前,美国有些地方普遍存在碘缺乏症。缺碘会导致甲状腺肿大、流产、先天性畸形和严重学习障碍。所以从1924年起开始普遍推广加碘盐。20世纪30年代,人们发现佝偻病与维生素D缺乏有关,所以从1933年起开始在牛奶中添加维生素D。
Other foods were enriched with additional nutrients – niacin and iron were added to flour, for example – in the decades that followed.
在之后的几十年里,其他食物也添加了营养素,比如在面粉中添加烟酸和铁。
But in most if not all of these cases, there was a compelling scientific reason for doing so.
但是,这些案例几乎都有确切的科学依据。
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