通信技术可以帮助构建新型人类合作形式的最早迹象,并非出现在经济领域。在互联网出现的早期,大部分跨界合作工作都是通过社交互动、而非市场完成的。对等协作生产(peer production)项目——如任何人都可以通过撰写或编辑页面出一份力的免费在线百科全书维基百科(Wikipedia),或由全球大量编程人员无偿协力开发的开源操作系统Linux——第一次以工业规模创造价值,同时又打破了企业的边界。促使这些实践活动兴起的非正式性和社交动机,不需要维持一个支付系统所需的管理费用,也不需要层级管理结构。价格信号的缺失,让必须瓜分共同劳动成果带来的金钱回报的人们之间屡见不鲜的冲突也消失了。
The companies that make up the on-demand economy are similar, but price signals have taken the place of social motivations. As Coase might have predicted, the boundary of the company has been dissolved. The likely efficiency gains are large. The economic effects of Wikipedia and Linux were felt by the publishing and software industries, whose workers are likely to be well-educated and fairly well off. But the effects of the on-demand economy will reach deep into social strata that have less education and a limited reservoir of material security to draw on.
构成按需经济的企业是类似的,但价格信号已经取代了社交动机。正如科斯可能会预言的那样,企业的边界已经被打破。可能的效率提升非常大。出版和软件行业工作者大多受过良好教育、也相对富裕,这两个行业已经感受到了维基百科和Linux那样的经济影响。但按需经济的影响将进一步深入到受教育较少、物质保障储备有限的社会阶层。
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