曾有一段时间,承诺重振美国制造业本可以一箭双雕。但大多数选民都感到制造业“回流”只是一种幻想——至少在增加工作机会方面。此外,希拉里2008年已尝试过这一路线但失败了,而且大部分已消失的蓝领工作都是男性从事的。在目前后危机时代的经济中,希拉里面临截然不同的挑战。在临时工化行业的兼职趋势中,女性往往是首当其冲。比起其他大多数发达经济体,她们的待遇也糟糕得多。在富裕的民主国家中,只有美国女性没有权利带薪休产假、没有联邦政府对儿童保育设施的资助,而且在怀孕期间很少受到保障。根据比尔•克林顿(Bill Clinton)担任总统第一年期间通过的一项法案,美国人享有12周的无薪育婴假。从那时起,再没有增加。华盛顿智库美国进步中心(Center for American Progress)数据显示,几乎没有男性享用过这一权利。如果这样做是值得的话,也许他们会休育婴假。
But the real scandal is America’s falling rate of female employment. Until 2000, the US female labour force participation rate climbed in parallel with those of other countries. Since then, it has dropped while it has continued to improve elsewhere. Only 75 per cent of US women between the ages of 25 and 54 are in work, compared to an average of 79 per cent in the other 22 advanced countries. A key reason is the weakness of women’s benefits. In places like Germany and Canada, the gap between men and women’s pay is far smaller than in the US. That is partly because far more men take parental leave. It is also because the US has much weaker childcare support. In almost half of US states, it costs more to put two kids in childcare than the average cost of housing. Little wonder so many women have been dropping out of work.
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