4. You understand how much you don't know 了解自己的不足
The smartest folks are able to admit when they aren't familiar with a particular concept. As Jim Winer writes, intelligent people "are not afraid to say: 'I don't know.' If they don't know it, they can learn it".
最聪明的人能承认自己不熟悉某一概念。正如吉姆•维纳所写,聪明人“并不畏惧说‘我不懂’。如果他们不知道,他们可以学习”。
Winer's observation is backed up by a classic study by Justin Kruger and David Dunning, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, which found that the less intelligent you are, the more you overestimate your cognitive abilities.
维纳观察到的这一点得到了贾斯汀•克鲁格和大卫•邓宁在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上发表的一篇经典论文的支持,该论文指出,智力水平越低的人,越会高估自己的认知能力。
In one experiment, for example, students who'd scored in the lowest quartile on a test adapted from the LSAT overestimated the number of questions they'd gotten right by nearly 50 percent. Meanwhile, those who'd scored in the top quartile slightly underestimated how many questions they'd gotten right.
例如,在一个实验中,学生参加了从法学院入学考试题改编而成的测试,成绩最差的学生把自己答对的题数高估了50%。与此同时,那些成绩最好的人略微低估了自己答对的题数。
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