维多利亚时代的人民饱受死神的折磨。流行病 Trinkets of memento mori - literally meaning "remember you must die" - took several forms, and existed long before Victorian times. Locks of hair cut from the dead were arranged and worn in lockets and rings, death masks were created in wax, and the images and symbols of death appeared in paintings and sculptures.
象征着“记住人必有一死”的纪念品早在维多利亚时代之前就流传已久了。剪下逝者的头发,珍藏在吊坠里或镶嵌在戒指中,或用蜡为逝者铸造面具,抑或在绘画与雕塑中采用死亡的意象。
But in the mid-1800s photography was becoming increasingly popular and affordable - leading to memento mori photographic portraiture.
不过,随着19世纪中期摄影技术的流行,摄影成本的降低,为逝者拍摄肖像留作纪念的做法也逐渐流行起来。
The first successful form of photography, the daguerreotype - a small, highly detailed picture on polished silver - was an expensive luxury, but not nearly as costly as having a portrait painted, which previously had been the only way of permanently preserving someone's image.
首个成功的照相方式是银版照相法 As the number of photographers increased, the cost of daguerreotypes fell. Less costly procedures were introduced in the 1850s, such as using thin metal, glass or paper rather than silver.
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